For expansion measurements with a thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) a probe rests on a sample and a stage with minimal downward pressure. Other constant force experiments include measurement of penetration, bending, tension, shrinkage, swelling, and creep (sample motion measured as a function of time under an applied load).
All TMA devices operate in accordance with the following national and international standards (DIN 51 005, ASTM D 3386, ASTM E 831, ASTM D 696, ISO 11359 – Parts 1 to 3).